Acumular grasa alrededor del abdomen, como suele suceder en los hombres, o hacerlo en caderas y piernas, más habitual entre las mujeres, depende en gran medida de factores genéticos, según un estudio de la Universidad sueca de Upsala divulgado hoy.
Publicado en la revista especializada «Nature Communications», el estudio fue realizado por investigadores de la Universidad de Upsala, que midieron la distribución de grasa en los cuerpos de casi 360.000 participantes voluntarios.
«Sabemos que las mujeres y los hombres tienden a almacenar grasa de manera diferente», explicó Mathias Rask-Andersen, autor principal del estudio e investigador postdoctoral en el departamento de Inmunología, Genética y Patología de la citada universidad.
En el caso de las mujeres, almacenan más fácilmente grasa en las piernas y las caderas, mientras que los hombres tienden a acumularla alrededor del abdomen.
Esta diferencia se ha atribuido tradicionalmente «a los efectos de hormonas sexuales como el estrógeno, pero los mecanismos moleculares que controlan este fenómeno son bastante desconocidos», anotó Rask-Andersen.
Para este trabajo, los investigadores utilizaron datos de UK Biobank, un estudio de medio millón de participantes en el Reino Unido, y analizaron millones de variantes genéticas para determinar su asociación con la distribución de grasa en una u otra parte del cuerpo.
De este modo, el equipo de Rask-Andersen identificó casi un centenar de genes que influyen en la distribución del tejido adiposo en el cuerpo humano.
Tras un examen más detallado, los investigadores descubrieron que varios de esos genes dan forma a la matriz extracelular, que participa en la organización estructural y funcional de los tejidos.
Por tanto, sus hallazgos sugieren que la remodelación de la matriz extracelular es uno de los mecanismos que genera diferencias en la distribución de la grasa corporal.
Además, las conclusiones de este estudio pueden llevar al desarrollo de nuevas intervenciones para reducir el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, que es mayor entre los hombres en parte por su mayor cantidad de grasa abdominal.
«Los sistemas biológicos que destacamos en nuestro estudio tienen el potencial de ser usados como puntos de intervención para nuevos medicamentos que tengan como objetivo mejorar la distribución de la grasa corporal y, por tanto, reducir el riesgo de enfermedad», concluyó Rask-Andersen.
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